UltraLite User's Guide
  The Embedded SQL Interface
    Indicator variables

Using indicator variables to handle NULL

Do not confuse the SQL concept of NULL with the C-language constant of the same name. In the SQL language, NULL represents either an unknown attribute or inapplicable information. The C-language constant represents a pointer value which does not point to a memory location.

When NULL is used in the Adaptive Server Anywhere documentation, it refers to the SQL database meaning given above. The C language constant is referred to as the null pointer (lower case).

NULL is not the same as any value of the column's defined type. Thus, in order to pass NULL values to the database or receive NULL results back, you require something beyond regular host variables. Indicator variables serve this purpose.

Using indicator variables when inserting NULL 

An INSERT statement can include an indicator variable as follows:

EXEC SQL BEGIN DECLARE SECTION;
short int employee_number;
char employee_name[50];
char employee_initials[6];
char employee_phone[15];
short int ind_phone;
EXEC SQL END DECLARE SECTION;
/* set values of empnum, empname,
   initials, and homephone */
if( /* phone number is known */ ) {
   ind_phone =  0;
} else {
   ind_phone = -1; /* NULL */
}
EXEC SQL INSERT INTO Employee
   VALUES (:employee_number, :employee_name,
   :employee_initials, :employee_phone:ind_phone );

If the indicator variable has a value of -1, a NULL is written. If it has a value of 0, the actual value of employee_phone is written.

Using indicator variables when fetching NULL 

Indicator variables are also used when receiving data from the database. They are used to indicate that a NULL value was fetched (indicator is negative). If a NULL value is fetched from the database and an indicator variable is not supplied, the SQLE_NO_INDICATOR error is generated.

Errors and warnings are returned in the SQLCA structure, as described in The SQL Communication Area.