Data Streams

Data streams support binary I/O of primitive data type values (boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, and double) as well as String values. All data streams implement either the DataInput interface or the DataOutput interface. This section focuses on the most widely-used implementations of these interfaces, DataInputStream and DataOutputStream.

The DataStreams example demonstrates data streams by writing out a set of data records, and then reading them in again. Each record consists of three values related to an item on an invoice, as shown in the following table:

Let's examine crucial code in DataStreams. First, the program defines some constants containing the name of the data file and the data that will be written to it:

static final String dataFile = "invoicedata";

static final double[] prices =
    { 19.99, 9.99, 15.99, 3.99, 4.99 };
static final int[] units =
    { 12, 8, 13, 29, 50 };
static final String[] descs = {
    "Java T-shirt",
    "Java Mug",
    "Duke Juggling Dolls",
    "Java Pin",
    "Java Key Chain"
};

Then DataStreams opens an output stream. Since a DataOutputStream can only be created as a wrapper for an existing byte stream object, DataStreams provides a buffered file output byte stream.

out = new DataOutputStream(new
            BufferedOutputStream(
              new FileOutputStream(dataFile)));

DataStreams writes out the records and closes the output stream.

for (int i = 0; i < prices.length; i ++) {
    out.writeDouble(prices[i]);
    out.writeInt(units[i]);
    out.writeUTF(descs[i]);
}

The writeUTF method writes out String values in a modified form of UTF-8. This is a variable-width character encoding that only needs a single byte for common Western characters.

Now DataStreams reads the data back in again. First it must provide an input stream, and variables to hold the input data. Like DataOutputStream, DataInputStream must be constructed as a wrapper for a byte stream.

in = new DataInputStream(new
            BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream(dataFile)));

double price;
int unit;
String desc;
double total = 0.0;

Now DataStreams can read each record in the stream, reporting on the data it encounters.

try {
    while (true) {
        price = in.readDouble();
        unit = in.readInt();
        desc = in.readUTF();
        System.out.format("You ordered %d" +
            " units of %s at $%.2f%n",
            unit, desc, price);
        total += unit * price;
    }
} catch (EOFException e) {
}

Notice that DataStreams detects an end-of-file condition by catching EOFException, instead of testing for an invalid return value. All implementations of DataInput methods use EOFException instead of return values.

Also notice that each specialized write in DataStreams is exactly matched by the corresponding specialized read. It is up to the programmer to make sure that output types and input types are matched in this way: The input stream consists of simple binary data, with nothing to indicate the type of individual values, or where they begin in the stream.

DataStreams uses one very bad programming technique: it uses floating point numbers to represent monetary values. In general, floating point is bad for precise values. It's particularly bad for decimal fractions, because common values (such as 0.1) do not have a binary representation.

The correct type to use for currency values is java.math.BigDecimal. Unfortunately, BigDecimal is an object type, so it won't work with data streams. However, BigDecimal will work with object streams, which are covered in the next section.