CREATE PROCEDURE sp_name ([proc_parameter[,...]])
    [characteristic ...] routine_body

CREATE FUNCTION sp_name ([func_parameter[,...]])
    RETURNS type
    [characteristic ...] routine_body
    
    proc_parameter:
    [ IN | OUT | INOUT ] param_name type
    
    func_parameter:
    param_name type

type:
    Any valid MySQL data type

characteristic:
    LANGUAGE SQL
  | [NOT] DETERMINISTIC
  | { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }
  | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }
  | COMMENT 'string'

routine_body:
    Valid SQL procedure statement or statements

These statements create stored routines. As of MySQL 5.0.3, to create a routine, it is necessary to have the CREATE ROUTINE privilege, and the ALTER ROUTINE and EXECUTE privileges are granted automatically to its creator. If binary logging is enabled, you may also need the SUPER privilege, as described in Section 18.4, “Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers”.

By default, the routine is associated with the current database. To associate the routine explicitly with a given database, specify the name as db_name.sp_name when you create it.

If the routine name is the same as the name of a built-in SQL function, you need to use a space between the name and the following parenthesis when defining the routine, or a syntax error occurs. This is also true when you invoke the routine later. For this reason — even though it is possible to do so — we suggest that it is better to avoid re-using the names of existing SQL functions for your own stored routines.

The parameter list enclosed within parentheses must always be present. If there are no parameters, an empty parameter list of () should be used. Each parameter is an IN parameter by default. To specify otherwise for a parameter, use the keyword OUT or INOUT before the parameter name.

Note: Specifying a parameter as IN, OUT, or INOUT is valid only for a PROCEDURE. (FUNCTION parameters are always regarded as IN parameters.)

The RETURNS clause may be specified only for a FUNCTION, for which it is mandatory. It is used to indicate the return type of the function, and the function body must contain a RETURN value statement.

The routine_body consists of valid SQL procedure statements. Compound statement syntax can be used, as described in Section 18.2.7, “BEGIN ... END Compound Statement”. Compound statements can contain declarations, loops, and other control structure statements. The syntax for these statements is described later in this chapter. See, for example, Section 18.2.8, “DECLARE Statement” and Section 18.2.12, “Flow Control Constructs”

The CREATE FUNCTION statement was used in earlier versions of MySQL to support UDFs (User Defined Functions). See Section 25.2, “Adding New Functions to MySQL”. UDFs continue to be supported, even with the existence of stored functions. A UDF can be regarded as an external stored function. However, do note that stored functions share their namespace with UDFs.

A framework for external stored procedures will be introduced in the near future. This will allow you to write stored procedures in languages other than SQL. Most likely, one of the first languages to be supported is PHP because the core PHP engine is small, thread-safe, and can easily be embedded. Because the framework is public, it is expected that many other languages can also be supported.

A procedure or function is considered “deterministic” if it always produces the same result for the same input parameters, and “not deterministic” otherwise. If neither DETERMINISTIC nor NOT DETERMINISTIC is given, the default is NOT DETERMINISTIC.

For replication purposes, use of the NOW() function (or its synonyms) or RAND() does not necessarily make a routine non-deterministic. For NOW(), the binary log includes the timestamp and replicates correctly. RAND() also replicates correctly as long as it is invoked only once within a routine. (You can consider the routine execution timestamp and random number seed as implicit inputs that are identical on the master and slave.)

Currently, the DETERMINISTIC characteristic is accepted, but not yet used by the optimizer. However, if binary logging is enabled, this characteristic affects whether MySQL accepts routine definitions. See Section 18.4, “Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers”.

Several characteristics provide information about the nature of data use by the routine. CONTAINS SQL indicates that the routine does not contain statements that read or write data. NO SQL indicates the the routine contains no SQL statements. READS SQL DATA indicates that the routine contains statements that read data, but not statements that write data. MODIFIES SQL DATA indicates that the routine contains statements that may write data. CONTAINS SQL is the default if none of these characteristics is given explicitly.

The SQL SECURITY characteristic can be used to specify whether the routine should be executed using the permissions of the user who creates the routine or the user who invokes it. The default value is DEFINER. This feature is new in SQL:2003. The creator or invoker must have permission to access the database with which the routine is associated. As of MySQL 5.0.3, it is necessary to have the EXECUTE privilege to be able to execute the routine. The user that must have this privilege is either the definer or invoker, depending on how the SQL SECURITY characteristic is set.

MySQL stores the sql_mode system variable setting that is in effect at the time a routine is created, and always executes the routine with this setting in force.

The COMMENT clause is a MySQL extension, and may be used to describe the stored procedure. This information is displayed by the SHOW CREATE PROCEDURE and SHOW CREATE FUNCTION statements.

MySQL allows routines to contain DDL statements, such as CREATE and DROP. MySQL also allows stored procedures (but not stored functions) to contain SQL transaction statements such as COMMIT. Stored functions may not contain statements that do explicit or implicit commit or rollback. Support for these statements is not required by the SQL standard, which states that each DBMS vendor may decide whether to allow them.

Stored routines cannot use LOAD DATA INFILE.

Statements that return a result set cannot be used within a stored function. This includes SELECT statements that do not use INTO to fetch column values into variables, SHOW statements, and other statements such as EXPLAIN. For statements that can be determined at function definition time to return a result set, a Not allowed to return a result set from a function error occurs (ER_SP_NO_RETSET_IN_FUNC). For statements that can be determined only at runtime to return a result set, a PROCEDURE %s can't return a result set in the given context error occurs (ER_SP_BADSELECT).

Note: Before MySQL 5.0.10, stored functions created with CREATE FUNCTION must not contain references to tables, with limited execeptions. They may include some SET statements that contain table references, for example SET a:= (SELECT MAX(id) FROM t), and SELECT statements that fetch values directly into variables, for example SELECT i INTO var1 FROM t.

The following is an example of a simple stored procedure that uses an OUT parameter. The example uses the mysql client delimiter command to change the statement delimiter from ; to // while the procedure is being defined. This allows the ; delimiter used in the procedure body to be passed through to the server rather than being interpreted by mysql itself.

mysql> delimiter //

mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE simpleproc (OUT param1 INT)
    -> BEGIN
    ->   SELECT COUNT(*) INTO param1 FROM t;
    -> END
    -> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delimiter ;

mysql> CALL simpleproc(@a);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @a;
+------+
| @a   |
+------+
| 3    |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

When using the delimiter command, you should avoid the use of the backslash (‘\’) character because that is the escape character for MySQL.

The following is an example of a function that takes a parameter, performs an operation using an SQL function, and returns the result:

mysql> delimiter //

mysql> CREATE FUNCTION hello (s CHAR(20)) RETURNS CHAR(50)
    -> RETURN CONCAT('Hello, ',s,'!');
    -> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delimiter ;

mysql> SELECT hello('world');
+----------------+
| hello('world') |
+----------------+
| Hello, world!  |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

If the RETURN statement in a stored function returns a value that has a different type than is specified in the function's RETURNS clause, the return value is coerced to the proper type. For example, if a function returns an ENUM or SET value, but the RETURN statement returns an integer, the value returned from the function is the string for the corresponding ENUM member of set of SET members.

ALTER {PROCEDURE | FUNCTION} sp_name [characteristic ...]

characteristic:
    { CONTAINS SQL | NO SQL | READS SQL DATA | MODIFIES SQL DATA }
  | SQL SECURITY { DEFINER | INVOKER }
  | COMMENT 'string'

This statement can be used to change the characteristics of a stored procedure or function. You must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the routine as of MySQL 5.0.3. This privilege is granted automatically to the routine creator. If binary logging is enabled, you may also need the SUPER privilege, as described in Section 18.4, “Binary Logging of Stored Routines and Triggers”.

More than one change may be specified in an ALTER PROCEDURE or ALTER FUNCTION statement.

DROP {PROCEDURE | FUNCTION} [IF EXISTS] sp_name

This statement is used to drop a stored procedure or function. That is, the specified routine is removed from the server. You must have the ALTER ROUTINE privilege for the routine as of MySQL 5.0.3. This privilege is granted automatically to the routine creator.

The IF EXISTS clause is a MySQL extension. It prevents an error from occurring if the procedure or function does not exist. A warning is produced that can be viewed with SHOW WARNINGS.

SHOW CREATE {PROCEDURE | FUNCTION} sp_name

This statement is a MySQL extension. Similar to SHOW CREATE TABLE, it returns the exact string that can be used to re-create the named routine.

mysql> SHOW CREATE FUNCTION test.hello\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Function: hello
       sql_mode:
Create Function: CREATE FUNCTION `test`.`hello`(s CHAR(20)) RETURNS CHAR(50)
RETURN CONCAT('Hello, ',s,'!')

SHOW {PROCEDURE | FUNCTION} STATUS [LIKE 'pattern']

This statement is a MySQL extension. It returns characteristics of routines, such as the database, name, type, creator, and creation and modification dates. If no pattern is specified, the information for all stored procedures or all stored functions is listed, depending on which statement you use.

mysql> SHOW FUNCTION STATUS LIKE 'hello'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Db: test
         Name: hello
         Type: FUNCTION
      Definer: testuser@localhost
     Modified: 2004-08-03 15:29:37
      Created: 2004-08-03 15:29:37
Security_type: DEFINER
      Comment:

You can also get information about stored routines from the ROUTINES table in INFORMATION_SCHEMA. See Section 21.1.14, “The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table”.

CALL sp_name([parameter[,...]])

The CALL statement invokes a procedure that was defined previously with CREATE PROCEDURE.

CALL can pass back values to its caller using parameters that are declared as OUT or INOUT parameters. It also “returns” the number of rows affected, which a client program can obtain at the SQL level by calling the ROW_COUNT() function and from C by calling the mysql_affected_rows() C API function.

[begin_label:] BEGIN
    [statement_list]
END [end_label]

Stored routines may contain multiple statements, using a BEGIN ... END compound statement. statement_list represents a list of one or more statements. Each statement within statement_list must be terminated by a semicolon character (;).

A compound statement can be labeled. end_label cannot be given unless begin_label also is present, and if both are present, they must be the same.

Please note that the optional [NOT] ATOMIC clause is not yet supported. This means that no transactional savepoint is set at the start of the instruction block and the BEGIN clause used in this context has no effect on the current transaction.

Using multiple statements requires that a client is able to send query strings containing the ; statement delimiter. This is handled in the mysql command-line client with the delimiter command. Changing the ; end-of-query delimiter (for example, to //) allows ; to be used in a routine body.

The DECLARE statement is used to define various items local to a routine: local variables (see Section 18.2.9, “Variables in Stored Procedures”), conditions and handlers (see Section 18.2.10, “Conditions and Handlers”) and cursors (see Section 18.2.11, “Cursors”). SIGNAL and RESIGNAL statements are not currently supported.

DECLARE may be used only inside a BEGIN ... END compound statement and must be at its start, before any other statements.

Cursors must be declared before declaring handlers, and variables and conditions must be declared before declaring either cursors or handlers.

You may declare and use variables within a routine.

DECLARE var_name[,...] type [DEFAULT value]

SET var_name = expr [, var_name = expr] ...

SELECT col_name[,...] INTO var_name[,...] table_expr

SELECT id,data INTO x,y FROM test.t1 LIMIT 1;

CREATE PROCEDURE sp1 (x VARCHAR(5))
  BEGIN
    DECLARE xname VARCHAR(5) DEFAULT 'bob';
    DECLARE newname VARCHAR(5);
    DECLARE xid INT;
    
    SELECT xname,id INTO newname,xid 
      FROM table1 WHERE xname = xname;
    SELECT newname;
  END;

Certain conditions may require specific handling. These conditions can relate to errors, as well as general flow control inside a routine.

DECLARE condition_name CONDITION FOR condition_value

condition_value:
    SQLSTATE [VALUE] sqlstate_value
  | mysql_error_code

DECLARE handler_type HANDLER FOR condition_value[,...] sp_statement

handler_type:
    CONTINUE
  | EXIT
  | UNDO

condition_value:
    SQLSTATE [VALUE] sqlstate_value
  | condition_name
  | SQLWARNING
  | NOT FOUND
  | SQLEXCEPTION
  | mysql_error_code

mysql> CREATE TABLE test.t (s1 int,primary key (s1));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> delimiter //

mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE handlerdemo ()
    -> BEGIN
    ->   DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE '23000' SET @x2 = 1;
    ->   SET @x = 1;
    ->   INSERT INTO test.t VALUES (1);
    ->   SET @x = 2;
    ->   INSERT INTO test.t VALUES (1);
    ->   SET @x = 3;
    -> END;
    -> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> CALL handlerdemo()//
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @x//
    +------+
    | @x   |
    +------+
    | 3    |
    +------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Simple cursors are supported inside stored procedures and functions. The syntax is as in embedded SQL. Cursors are currently asensitive, read-only, and non-scrolling. Asensitive means that the server may or may not make a copy of its result table.

Cursors must be declared before declaring handlers, and variables and conditions must be declared before declaring either cursors or handlers.

For example:

CREATE PROCEDURE curdemo()
BEGIN
  DECLARE done INT DEFAULT 0;
  DECLARE a CHAR(16);
  DECLARE b,c INT;
  DECLARE cur1 CURSOR FOR SELECT id,data FROM test.t1;
  DECLARE cur2 CURSOR FOR SELECT i FROM test.t2;
  DECLARE CONTINUE HANDLER FOR SQLSTATE '02000' SET done = 1;

  OPEN cur1;
  OPEN cur2;

  REPEAT
    FETCH cur1 INTO a, b;
    FETCH cur2 INTO c;
    IF NOT done THEN
       IF b < c THEN
          INSERT INTO test.t3 VALUES (a,b);
       ELSE
          INSERT INTO test.t3 VALUES (a,c);
       END IF;
    END IF;
  UNTIL done END REPEAT;

  CLOSE cur1;
  CLOSE cur2;
END

DECLARE cursor_name CURSOR FOR select_statement

OPEN cursor_name

FETCH cursor_name INTO var_name [, var_name] ...

CLOSE cursor_name

The IF, CASE, LOOP, WHILE, ITERATE, and LEAVE constructs are fully implemented.

These constructs may each contain either a single statement, or a block of statements using the BEGIN ... END compound statement. Constructs may be nested.

FOR loops are not currently supported.

IF search_condition THEN statement_list
    [ELSEIF search_condition THEN statement_list] ...
    [ELSE statement_list]
END IF

CASE case_value
    WHEN when_value THEN statement_list
    [WHEN when_value THEN statement_list] ...
    [ELSE statement_list]
END CASE

CASE
    WHEN search_condition THEN statement_list
    [WHEN search_condition THEN statement_list] ...
    [ELSE statement_list]
END CASE

[begin_label:] LOOP
    statement_list
END LOOP [end_label]

LEAVE label

ITERATE label

CREATE PROCEDURE doiterate(p1 INT)
BEGIN
  label1: LOOP
    SET p1 = p1 + 1;
    IF p1 < 10 THEN ITERATE label1; END IF;
    LEAVE label1;
  END LOOP label1;
  SET @x = p1;
END

[begin_label:] REPEAT
    statement_list
UNTIL search_condition
END REPEAT [end_label]

mysql> delimiter //

mysql> CREATE PROCEDURE dorepeat(p1 INT)
    -> BEGIN
    ->   SET @x = 0;
    ->   REPEAT SET @x = @x + 1; UNTIL @x > p1 END REPEAT;
    -> END
    -> //
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> CALL dorepeat(1000)//
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT @x//
+------+
| @x   |
+------+
| 1001 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

[begin_label:] WHILE search_condition DO
    statement_list
END WHILE [end_label]

CREATE PROCEDURE dowhile()
BEGIN
  DECLARE v1 INT DEFAULT 5;

  WHILE v1 > 0 DO
    ...
    SET v1 = v1 - 1;
  END WHILE;
END